fix(relay): address PR review issues for MM-86
- Remove `&& attempt < 2` guard: unique violations now always retry;
post-loop error becomes the exhaustion case (was dead code before)
- Fix comment: "Retry up to 3 times" → "Attempt up to 3 times total (2 retries)"
- Add expires_at window assertion to persistence tests (5s tolerance)
- Add non_unique_db_error_returns_500_without_retry test (closes pool before request)
- Annotate begin/commit in insert_claim_codes with inspect_err logging
- Log non-UTF-8 Authorization header at debug level
- Add doc comment to ClaimCodesResponse.codes field
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