freshlybakedca.ke
Git fork
1Like other projects, we also have some guidelines for our code. For
2Git in general, a few rough rules are:
3
4 - Most importantly, we never say "It's in POSIX; we'll happily
5 ignore your needs should your system not conform to it."
6 We live in the real world.
7
8 - However, we often say "Let's stay away from that construct,
9 it's not even in POSIX".
10
11 - In spite of the above two rules, we sometimes say "Although
12 this is not in POSIX, it (is so convenient | makes the code
13 much more readable | has other good characteristics) and
14 practically all the platforms we care about support it, so
15 let's use it".
16
17 Again, we live in the real world, and it is sometimes a
18 judgement call, the decision based more on real world
19 constraints people face than what the paper standard says.
20
21 - Fixing style violations while working on a real change as a
22 preparatory clean-up step is good, but otherwise avoid useless code
23 churn for the sake of conforming to the style.
24
25 "Once it _is_ in the tree, it's not really worth the patch noise to
26 go and fix it up."
27 Cf. https://lore.kernel.org/all/20100126160632.3bdbe172.akpm@linux-foundation.org/
28
29 - Log messages to explain your changes are as important as the
30 changes themselves. Clearly written code and in-code comments
31 explain how the code works and what is assumed from the surrounding
32 context. The log messages explain what the changes wanted to
33 achieve and why the changes were necessary (more on this in the
34 accompanying SubmittingPatches document).
35
36Make your code readable and sensible, and don't try to be clever.
37
38As for more concrete guidelines, just imitate the existing code
39(this is a good guideline, no matter which project you are
40contributing to). It is always preferable to match the _local_
41convention. New code added to Git suite is expected to match
42the overall style of existing code. Modifications to existing
43code are expected to match the style the surrounding code already
44uses (even if it doesn't match the overall style of existing code).
45
46But if you must have a list of rules, here are some language
47specific ones. Note that Documentation/ToolsForGit.adoc document
48has a collection of tips to help you use some external tools
49to conform to these guidelines.
50
51For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive):
52
53 - We use tabs for indentation.
54
55 - Case arms are indented at the same depth as case and esac lines,
56 like this:
57
58 case "$variable" in
59 pattern1)
60 do this
61 ;;
62 pattern2)
63 do that
64 ;;
65 esac
66
67 - Redirection operators should be written with space before, but no
68 space after them. In other words, write 'echo test >"$file"'
69 instead of 'echo test> $file' or 'echo test > $file'. Note that
70 even though it is not required by POSIX to double-quote the
71 redirection target in a variable (as shown above), our code does so
72 because some versions of bash issue a warning without the quotes.
73
74 (incorrect)
75 cat hello > world < universe
76 echo hello >$world
77
78 (correct)
79 cat hello >world <universe
80 echo hello >"$world"
81
82 - We prefer $( ... ) for command substitution; unlike ``, it
83 properly nests. It should have been the way Bourne spelled
84 it from day one, but unfortunately isn't.
85
86 - If you want to find out if a command is available on the user's
87 $PATH, you should use 'type <command>', instead of 'which <command>'.
88 The output of 'which' is not machine parsable and its exit code
89 is not reliable across platforms.
90
91 - We use POSIX compliant parameter substitutions and avoid bashisms;
92 namely:
93
94 - We use ${parameter-word} and its [-=?+] siblings, and their
95 colon'ed "unset or null" form.
96
97 - We use ${parameter#word} and its [#%] siblings, and their
98 doubled "longest matching" form.
99
100 - No "Substring Expansion" ${parameter:offset:length}.
101
102 - No shell arrays.
103
104 - No pattern replacement ${parameter/pattern/string}.
105
106 - We use Arithmetic Expansion $(( ... )).
107
108 - We do not use Process Substitution <(list) or >(list).
109
110 - Do not write control structures on a single line with semicolon.
111 "then" should be on the next line for if statements, and "do"
112 should be on the next line for "while" and "for".
113
114 (incorrect)
115 if test -f hello; then
116 do this
117 fi
118
119 (correct)
120 if test -f hello
121 then
122 do this
123 fi
124
125 - If a command sequence joined with && or || or | spans multiple
126 lines, put each command on a separate line and put && and || and |
127 operators at the end of each line, rather than the start. This
128 means you don't need to use \ to join lines, since the above
129 operators imply the sequence isn't finished.
130
131 (incorrect)
132 grep blob verify_pack_result \
133 | awk -f print_1.awk \
134 | sort >actual &&
135 ...
136
137 (correct)
138 grep blob verify_pack_result |
139 awk -f print_1.awk |
140 sort >actual &&
141 ...
142
143 - We prefer "test" over "[ ... ]".
144
145 - We do not write the noiseword "function" in front of shell
146 functions.
147
148 - We prefer a space between the function name and the parentheses,
149 and no space inside the parentheses. The opening "{" should also
150 be on the same line.
151
152 (incorrect)
153 my_function(){
154 ...
155
156 (correct)
157 my_function () {
158 ...
159
160 - As to use of grep, stick to a subset of BRE (namely, no \{m,n\},
161 [::], [==], or [..]) for portability.
162
163 - We do not use \{m,n\};
164
165 - We do not use ? or + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\}
166 respectively in BRE) but that goes without saying as these
167 are ERE elements not BRE (note that \? and \+ are not even part
168 of BRE -- making them accessible from BRE is a GNU extension).
169
170 - Use Git's gettext wrappers in git-sh-i18n to make the user
171 interface translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in
172 po/README.
173
174 - We do not write our "test" command with "-a" and "-o" and use "&&"
175 or "||" to concatenate multiple "test" commands instead, because
176 the use of "-a/-o" is often error-prone. E.g.
177
178 test -n "$x" -a "$a" = "$b"
179
180 is buggy and breaks when $x is "=", but
181
182 test -n "$x" && test "$a" = "$b"
183
184 does not have such a problem.
185
186 - Even though "local" is not part of POSIX, we make heavy use of it
187 in our test suite. We do not use it in scripted Porcelains, and
188 hopefully nobody starts using "local" before all shells that matter
189 support it (notably, ksh from AT&T Research does not support it yet).
190
191 - Some versions of shell do not understand "export variable=value",
192 so we write "variable=value" and then "export variable" on two
193 separate lines.
194
195 - Some versions of dash have broken variable assignment when prefixed
196 with "local", "export", and "readonly", in that the value to be
197 assigned goes through field splitting at $IFS unless quoted.
198
199 (incorrect)
200 local variable=$value
201 local variable=$(command args)
202
203 (correct)
204 local variable="$value"
205 local variable="$(command args)"
206
207 - The common construct
208
209 VAR=VAL command args
210
211 to temporarily set and export environment variable VAR only while
212 "command args" is running is handy, but this triggers an
213 unspecified behaviour according to POSIX when used for a command
214 that is not an external command (like shell functions). Indeed,
215 dash 0.5.10.2-6 on Ubuntu 20.04, /bin/sh on FreeBSD 13, and AT&T
216 ksh all make a temporary assignment without exporting the variable,
217 in such a case. As it does not work portably across shells, do not
218 use this syntax for shell functions. A common workaround is to do
219 an explicit export in a subshell, like so:
220
221 (incorrect)
222 VAR=VAL func args
223
224 (correct)
225 (
226 VAR=VAL &&
227 export VAR &&
228 func args
229 )
230
231 but be careful that the effect "func" makes to the variables in the
232 current shell will be lost across the subshell boundary.
233
234 - Use octal escape sequences (e.g. "\302\242"), not hexadecimal (e.g.
235 "\xc2\xa2") in printf format strings, since hexadecimal escape
236 sequences are not portable.
237
238
239For C programs:
240
241 - We use tabs to indent, and interpret tabs as taking up to
242 8 spaces.
243
244 - Nested C preprocessor directives are indented after the hash by one
245 space per nesting level.
246
247 #if FOO
248 # include <foo.h>
249 # if BAR
250 # include <bar.h>
251 # endif
252 #endif
253
254 - We try to keep to at most 80 characters per line.
255
256 - As a Git developer we assume you have a reasonably modern compiler
257 and we recommend you to enable the DEVELOPER makefile knob to
258 ensure your patch is clear of all compiler warnings we care about,
259 by e.g. "echo DEVELOPER=1 >>config.mak".
260
261 - When using DEVELOPER=1 mode, you may see warnings from the compiler
262 like "error: unused parameter 'foo' [-Werror=unused-parameter]",
263 which indicates that a function ignores its argument. If the unused
264 parameter can't be removed (e.g., because the function is used as a
265 callback and has to match a certain interface), you can annotate
266 the individual parameters with the UNUSED (or MAYBE_UNUSED)
267 keyword, like "int foo UNUSED".
268
269 - We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile Git with,
270 including old ones. As of Git v2.35.0 Git requires C99 (we check
271 "__STDC_VERSION__"). You should not use features from a newer C
272 standard, even if your compiler groks them.
273
274 New C99 features have been phased in gradually, if something's new
275 in C99 but not used yet don't assume that it's safe to use, some
276 compilers we target have only partial support for it. These are
277 considered safe to use:
278
279 . since around 2007 with 2b6854c863a, we have been using
280 initializer elements which are not computable at load time. E.g.:
281
282 const char *args[] = { "constant", variable, NULL };
283
284 . since early 2012 with e1327023ea, we have been using an enum
285 definition whose last element is followed by a comma. This, like
286 an array initializer that ends with a trailing comma, can be used
287 to reduce the patch noise when adding a new identifier at the end.
288
289 . since mid 2017 with cbc0f81d, we have been using designated
290 initializers for struct (e.g. "struct t v = { .val = 'a' };").
291
292 . since mid 2017 with 512f41cf, we have been using designated
293 initializers for array (e.g. "int array[10] = { [5] = 2 }").
294
295 . since early 2021 with 765dc168882, we have been using variadic
296 macros, mostly for printf-like trace and debug macros.
297
298 . since late 2021 with 44ba10d6, we have had variables declared in
299 the for loop "for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)".
300
301 . since late 2023 with 8277dbe987 we have been using the bool type
302 from <stdbool.h>.
303
304 C99 features we have test balloons for:
305
306 . since late 2024 with v2.48.0-rc0~20, we have test balloons for
307 compound literal syntax, e.g., (struct foo){ .member = value };
308 our hope is that no platforms we care about have trouble using
309 them, and officially adopt its wider use in mid 2026. Do not add
310 more use of the syntax until that happens.
311
312 New C99 features that we cannot use yet:
313
314 . %z and %zu as a printf() argument for a size_t (the %z being for
315 the POSIX-specific ssize_t). Instead you should use
316 printf("%"PRIuMAX, (uintmax_t)v). These days the MSVC version we
317 rely on supports %z, but the C library used by MinGW does not.
318
319 . Shorthand like ".a.b = *c" in struct initializations is known to
320 trip up an older IBM XLC version, use ".a = { .b = *c }" instead.
321 See the 33665d98 (reftable: make assignments portable to AIX xlc
322 v12.01, 2022-03-28).
323
324 - Variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block, before
325 the first statement (i.e. -Wdeclaration-after-statement). It is
326 encouraged to have a blank line between the end of the declarations
327 and the first statement in the block.
328
329 - Do not explicitly initialize global variables to 0 or NULL;
330 instead, let BSS take care of the zero initialization.
331
332 - NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0.
333
334 - When declaring pointers, the star sides with the variable
335 name, i.e. "char *string", not "char* string" or
336 "char * string". This makes it easier to understand code
337 like "char *string, c;".
338
339 - Use whitespace around operators and keywords, but not inside
340 parentheses and not around functions. So:
341
342 while (condition)
343 func(bar + 1);
344
345 and not:
346
347 while( condition )
348 func (bar+1);
349
350 - A binary operator (other than ",") and ternary conditional "?:"
351 have a space on each side of the operator to separate it from its
352 operands. E.g. "A + 1", not "A+1".
353
354 - A unary operator (other than "." and "->") have no space between it
355 and its operand. E.g. "(char *)ptr", not "(char *) ptr".
356
357 - Do not explicitly compare an integral value with constant 0 or '\0',
358 or a pointer value with constant NULL. For instance, to validate that
359 counted array <ptr, cnt> is initialized but has no elements, write:
360
361 if (!ptr || cnt)
362 BUG("empty array expected");
363
364 and not:
365
366 if (ptr == NULL || cnt != 0);
367 BUG("empty array expected");
368
369 - We avoid using braces unnecessarily. I.e.
370
371 if (bla) {
372 x = 1;
373 }
374
375 is frowned upon. But there are a few exceptions:
376
377 - When the statement extends over a few lines (e.g., a while loop
378 with an embedded conditional, or a comment). E.g.:
379
380 while (foo) {
381 if (x)
382 one();
383 else
384 two();
385 }
386
387 if (foo) {
388 /*
389 * This one requires some explanation,
390 * so we're better off with braces to make
391 * it obvious that the indentation is correct.
392 */
393 doit();
394 }
395
396 - When there are multiple arms to a conditional and some of them
397 require braces, enclose even a single line block in braces for
398 consistency. E.g.:
399
400 if (foo) {
401 doit();
402 } else {
403 one();
404 two();
405 three();
406 }
407
408 - We try to avoid assignments in the condition of an "if" statement.
409
410 - Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments
411 in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code
412 they were describing changes. Often splitting a function
413 into two makes the intention of the code much clearer.
414
415 - Multi-line comments include their delimiters on separate lines from
416 the text. E.g.
417
418 /*
419 * A very long
420 * multi-line comment.
421 */
422
423 Note however that a comment that explains a translatable string to
424 translators uses a convention of starting with a magic token
425 "TRANSLATORS: ", e.g.
426
427 /*
428 * TRANSLATORS: here is a comment that explains the string to
429 * be translated, that follows immediately after it.
430 */
431 _("Here is a translatable string explained by the above.");
432
433 - Double negation is often harder to understand than no negation
434 at all.
435
436 - There are two schools of thought when it comes to comparison,
437 especially inside a loop. Some people prefer to have the less stable
438 value on the left hand side and the more stable value on the right hand
439 side, e.g. if you have a loop that counts variable i down to the
440 lower bound,
441
442 while (i > lower_bound) {
443 do something;
444 i--;
445 }
446
447 Other people prefer to have the textual order of values match the
448 actual order of values in their comparison, so that they can
449 mentally draw a number line from left to right and place these
450 values in order, i.e.
451
452 while (lower_bound < i) {
453 do something;
454 i--;
455 }
456
457 Both are valid, and we use both. However, the more "stable" the
458 stable side becomes, the more we tend to prefer the former
459 (comparison with a constant, "i > 0", is an extreme example).
460 Just do not mix styles in the same part of the code and mimic
461 existing styles in the neighbourhood.
462
463 - There are two schools of thought when it comes to splitting a long
464 logical line into multiple lines. Some people push the second and
465 subsequent lines far enough to the right with tabs and align them:
466
467 if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
468 span_more_than_a_single_line_of ||
469 the_source_text) {
470 ...
471
472 while other people prefer to align the second and the subsequent
473 lines with the column immediately inside the opening parenthesis,
474 with tabs and spaces, following our "tabstop is always a multiple
475 of 8" convention:
476
477 if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
478 span_more_than_a_single_line_of ||
479 the_source_text) {
480 ...
481
482 Both are valid, and we use both. Again, just do not mix styles in
483 the same part of the code and mimic existing styles in the
484 neighbourhood.
485
486 - When splitting a long logical line, some people change line before
487 a binary operator, so that the result looks like a parse tree when
488 you turn your head 90-degrees counterclockwise:
489
490 if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to
491 || span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) {
492
493 while other people prefer to leave the operator at the end of the
494 line:
495
496 if (the_beginning_of_a_very_long_expression_that_has_to ||
497 span_more_than_a_single_line_of_the_source_text) {
498
499 Both are valid, but we tend to use the latter more, unless the
500 expression gets fairly complex, in which case the former tends to
501 be easier to read. Again, just do not mix styles in the same part
502 of the code and mimic existing styles in the neighbourhood.
503
504 - When splitting a long logical line, with everything else being
505 equal, it is preferable to split after the operator at higher
506 level in the parse tree. That is, this is more preferable:
507
508 if (a_very_long_variable * that_is_used_in +
509 a_very_long_expression) {
510 ...
511
512 than
513
514 if (a_very_long_variable *
515 that_is_used_in + a_very_long_expression) {
516 ...
517
518 - Some clever tricks, like using the !! operator with arithmetic
519 constructs, can be extremely confusing to others. Avoid them,
520 unless there is a compelling reason to use them.
521
522 - Use the API. No, really. We have a strbuf (variable length
523 string), several arrays with the ALLOC_GROW() macro, a
524 string_list for sorted string lists, a hash map (mapping struct
525 objects) named "struct decorate", amongst other things.
526
527 - When you come up with an API, document its functions and structures
528 in the header file that exposes the API to its callers. Use what is
529 in "strbuf.h" as a model for the appropriate tone and level of
530 detail.
531
532 - The first #include in C files, except in platform specific compat/
533 implementations and sha1dc/, must be <git-compat-util.h>. This
534 header file insulates other header files and source files from
535 platform differences, like which system header files must be
536 included in what order, and what C preprocessor feature macros must
537 be defined to trigger certain features we expect out of the system.
538 A collorary to this is that C files should not directly include
539 system header files themselves.
540
541 There are some exceptions, because certain group of files that
542 implement an API all have to include the same header file that
543 defines the API and it is convenient to include <git-compat-util.h>
544 there. Namely:
545
546 - the implementation of the built-in commands in the "builtin/"
547 directory that include "builtin.h" for the cmd_foo() prototype
548 definition,
549
550 - the test helper programs in the "t/helper/" directory that include
551 "t/helper/test-tool.h" for the cmd__foo() prototype definition,
552
553 - the xdiff implementation in the "xdiff/" directory that includes
554 "xdiff/xinclude.h" for the xdiff machinery internals,
555
556 - the unit test programs in "t/unit-tests/" directory that include
557 "t/unit-tests/test-lib.h" that gives them the unit-tests
558 framework, and
559
560 - the source files that implement reftable in the "reftable/"
561 directory that include "reftable/system.h" for the reftable
562 internals,
563
564 are allowed to assume that they do not have to include
565 <git-compat-util.h> themselves, as it is included as the first
566 '#include' in these header files. These headers must be the first
567 header file to be "#include"d in them, though.
568
569 - A C file must directly include the header files that declare the
570 functions and the types it uses, except for the functions and types
571 that are made available to it by including one of the header files
572 it must include by the previous rule.
573
574 - If you are planning a new command, consider writing it in shell
575 or perl first, so that changes in semantics can be easily
576 changed and discussed. Many Git commands started out like
577 that, and a few are still scripts.
578
579 - Avoid introducing a new dependency into Git. This means you
580 usually should stay away from scripting languages not already
581 used in the Git core command set (unless your command is clearly
582 separate from it, such as an importer to convert random-scm-X
583 repositories to Git).
584
585 - When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to
586 pass them in that order.
587
588 - Use Git's gettext wrappers to make the user interface
589 translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in po/README.
590
591 - Variables and functions local to a given source file should be marked
592 with "static". Variables that are visible to other source files
593 must be declared with "extern" in header files. However, function
594 declarations should not use "extern", as that is already the default.
595
596 - You can launch gdb around your program using the shorthand GIT_DEBUGGER.
597 Run `GIT_DEBUGGER=1 ./bin-wrappers/git foo` to simply use gdb as is, or
598 run `GIT_DEBUGGER="<debugger> <debugger-args>" ./bin-wrappers/git foo` to
599 use your own debugger and arguments. Example: `GIT_DEBUGGER="ddd --gdb"
600 ./bin-wrappers/git log` (See `bin-wrappers/wrap-for-bin.sh`.)
601
602 - The primary data structure that a subsystem 'S' deals with is called
603 `struct S`. Functions that operate on `struct S` are named
604 `S_<verb>()` and should generally receive a pointer to `struct S` as
605 first parameter. E.g.
606
607 struct strbuf;
608
609 void strbuf_add(struct strbuf *buf, ...);
610
611 void strbuf_reset(struct strbuf *buf);
612
613 is preferred over:
614
615 struct strbuf;
616
617 void add_string(struct strbuf *buf, ...);
618
619 void reset_strbuf(struct strbuf *buf);
620
621 - There are several common idiomatic names for functions performing
622 specific tasks on a structure `S`:
623
624 - `S_init()` initializes a structure without allocating the
625 structure itself.
626
627 - `S_release()` releases a structure's contents without reinitializing
628 the structure for immediate reuse, and without freeing the structure
629 itself.
630
631 - `S_clear()` is equivalent to `S_release()` followed by `S_init()`
632 such that the structure is directly usable after clearing it. When
633 `S_clear()` is provided, `S_init()` shall not allocate resources
634 that need to be released again.
635
636 - `S_free()` releases a structure's contents and frees the
637 structure.
638
639 - Function names should be clear and descriptive, accurately reflecting
640 their purpose or behavior. Arbitrary suffixes that do not add meaningful
641 context can lead to confusion, particularly for newcomers to the codebase.
642
643 Historically, the '_1' suffix has been used in situations where:
644
645 - A function handles one element among a group that requires similar
646 processing.
647 - A recursive function has been separated from its setup phase.
648
649 The '_1' suffix can be used as a concise way to indicate these specific
650 cases. However, it is recommended to find a more descriptive name wherever
651 possible to improve the readability and maintainability of the code.
652
653 - Bit fields should be defined without a space around the colon. E.g.
654
655 unsigned my_field:1;
656 unsigned other_field:1;
657 unsigned field_with_longer_name:1;
658
659For Perl programs:
660
661 - Most of the C guidelines above apply.
662
663 - We try to support Perl 5.8.1 and later ("use Perl 5.008001").
664
665 - use strict and use warnings are strongly preferred.
666
667 - Don't overuse statement modifiers unless using them makes the
668 result easier to follow.
669
670 ... do something ...
671 do_this() unless (condition);
672 ... do something else ...
673
674 is more readable than:
675
676 ... do something ...
677 unless (condition) {
678 do_this();
679 }
680 ... do something else ...
681
682 *only* when the condition is so rare that do_this() will be almost
683 always called.
684
685 - We try to avoid assignments inside "if ()" conditions.
686
687 - Learn and use Git.pm if you need that functionality.
688
689For Python scripts:
690
691 - We follow PEP-8 (https://peps.python.org/pep-0008/).
692
693 - As a minimum, we aim to be compatible with Python 2.7.
694
695 - Where required libraries do not restrict us to Python 2, we try to
696 also be compatible with Python 3.1 and later.
697
698
699Program Output
700
701 We make a distinction between a Git command's primary output and
702 output which is merely chatty feedback (for instance, status
703 messages, running transcript, or progress display), as well as error
704 messages. Roughly speaking, a Git command's primary output is that
705 which one might want to capture to a file or send down a pipe; its
706 chatty output should not interfere with these use-cases.
707
708 As such, primary output should be sent to the standard output stream
709 (stdout), and chatty output should be sent to the standard error
710 stream (stderr). Examples of commands which produce primary output
711 include `git log`, `git show`, and `git branch --list` which generate
712 output on the stdout stream.
713
714 Not all Git commands have primary output; this is often true of
715 commands whose main function is to perform an action. Some action
716 commands are silent, whereas others are chatty. An example of a
717 chatty action commands is `git clone` with its "Cloning into
718 '<path>'..." and "Checking connectivity..." status messages which it
719 sends to the stderr stream.
720
721 Error messages from Git commands should always be sent to the stderr
722 stream.
723
724
725Error Messages
726
727 - Do not end a single-sentence error message with a full stop.
728
729 - Do not capitalize the first word, only because it is the first word
730 in the message ("unable to open '%s'", not "Unable to open '%s'"). But
731 "SHA-3 not supported" is fine, because the reason the first word is
732 capitalized is not because it is at the beginning of the sentence,
733 but because the word would be spelled in capital letters even when
734 it appeared in the middle of the sentence.
735
736 - Say what the error is first ("cannot open '%s'", not "%s: cannot open").
737
738 - Enclose the subject of an error inside a pair of single quotes,
739 e.g. `die(_("unable to open '%s'"), path)`.
740
741 - Unless there is a compelling reason not to, error messages from
742 porcelain commands should be marked for translation, e.g.
743 `die(_("bad revision %s"), revision)`.
744
745 - Error messages from the plumbing commands are sometimes meant for
746 machine consumption and should not be marked for translation,
747 e.g., `die("bad revision %s", revision)`.
748
749 - BUG("message") are for communicating the specific error to developers,
750 thus should not be translated.
751
752
753Externally Visible Names
754
755 - For configuration variable names, follow the existing convention:
756
757 . The section name indicates the affected subsystem.
758
759 . The subsection name, if any, indicates which of an unbounded set
760 of things to set the value for.
761
762 . The variable name describes the effect of tweaking this knob.
763
764 The section and variable names that consist of multiple words are
765 formed by concatenating the words without punctuation marks (e.g. `-`),
766 and are broken using bumpyCaps in documentation as a hint to the
767 reader.
768
769 When choosing the variable namespace, do not use variable name for
770 specifying possibly unbounded set of things, most notably anything
771 an end user can freely come up with (e.g. branch names). Instead,
772 use subsection names or variable values, like the existing variable
773 branch.<name>.description does.
774
775
776Writing Documentation:
777
778 Most (if not all) of the documentation pages are written in the
779 AsciiDoc format in *.adoc files (e.g. Documentation/git.adoc), and
780 processed into HTML and manpages (e.g. git.html and git.1 in the
781 same directory).
782
783 The documentation liberally mixes US and UK English (en_US/UK)
784 norms for spelling and grammar, which is somewhat unfortunate.
785 In an ideal world, it would have been better if it consistently
786 used only one and not the other, and we would have picked en_US
787 (if you wish to correct the English of some of the existing
788 documentation, please see the documentation-related advice in the
789 Documentation/SubmittingPatches file).
790
791 In order to ensure the documentation is inclusive, avoid assuming
792 that an unspecified example person is male or female, and think
793 twice before using "he", "him", "she", or "her". Here are some
794 tips to avoid use of gendered pronouns:
795
796 - Prefer succinctness and matter-of-factly describing functionality
797 in the abstract. E.g.
798
799 `--short`:: Emit output in the short-format.
800
801 and avoid something like these overly verbose alternatives:
802
803 `--short`:: Use this to emit output in the short-format.
804 `--short`:: You can use this to get output in the short-format.
805 `--short`:: A user who prefers shorter output could....
806 `--short`:: Should a person and/or program want shorter output, he
807 she/they/it can...
808
809 This practice often eliminates the need to involve human actors in
810 your description, but it is a good practice regardless of the
811 avoidance of gendered pronouns.
812
813 - When it becomes awkward to stick to this style, prefer "you" when
814 addressing the hypothetical user, and possibly "we" when
815 discussing how the program might react to the user. E.g.
816
817 You can use this option instead of `--xyz`, but we might remove
818 support for it in future versions.
819
820 while keeping in mind that you can probably be less verbose, e.g.
821
822 Use this instead of `--xyz`. This option might be removed in future
823 versions.
824
825 - If you still need to refer to an example person that is
826 third-person singular, you may resort to "singular they" to avoid
827 "he/she/him/her", e.g.
828
829 A contributor asks their upstream to pull from them.
830
831 Note that this sounds ungrammatical and unnatural to those who
832 learned that "they" is only used for third-person plural, e.g.
833 those who learn English as a second language in some parts of the
834 world.
835
836 Every user-visible change should be reflected in the documentation.
837 The same general rule as for code applies -- imitate the existing
838 conventions.
839
840
841Markup:
842
843 Literal parts (e.g. use of command-line options, command names,
844 branch names, URLs, pathnames (files and directories), configuration and
845 environment variables) must be typeset as verbatim (i.e. wrapped with
846 backticks):
847 `--pretty=oneline`
848 `git rev-list`
849 `remote.pushDefault`
850 `http://git.example.com`
851 `.git/config`
852 `GIT_DIR`
853 `HEAD`
854 `umask`(2)
855
856 An environment variable must be prefixed with "$" only when referring to its
857 value and not when referring to the variable itself, in this case there is
858 nothing to add except the backticks:
859 `GIT_DIR` is specified
860 `$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive`
861
862 Word phrases enclosed in `backtick characters` are rendered literally
863 and will not be further expanded. The use of `backticks` to achieve the
864 previous rule means that literal examples should not use AsciiDoc
865 escapes.
866 Correct:
867 `--pretty=oneline`
868 Incorrect:
869 `\--pretty=oneline`
870
871 Placeholders are spelled in lowercase and enclosed in
872 angle brackets surrounded by underscores:
873 _<file>_
874 _<commit>_
875
876 If a placeholder has multiple words, they are separated by dashes:
877 _<new-branch-name>_
878 _<template-directory>_
879
880 When needed, use a distinctive identifier for placeholders, usually
881 made of a qualification and a type:
882 _<git-dir>_
883 _<key-id>_
884
885Characters are also surrounded by underscores:
886 _LF_, _CR_, _CR_/_LF_, _NUL_, _EOF_
887
888 Git's Asciidoc processor has been tailored to treat backticked text
889 as complex synopsis. When literal and placeholders are mixed, you can
890 use the backtick notation which will take care of correctly typesetting
891 the content.
892 `--jobs <n>`
893 `--sort=<key>`
894 `<directory>/.git`
895 `remote.<name>.mirror`
896 `ssh://[<user>@]<host>[:<port>]/<path-to-git-repo>`
897
898As a side effect, backquoted placeholders are correctly typeset, but
899this style is not recommended.
900
901 When documenting multiple related `git config` variables, place them on
902 a separate line instead of separating them by commas. For example, do
903 not write this:
904 `core.var1`, `core.var2`::
905 Description common to `core.var1` and `core.var2`.
906
907Instead write this:
908 `core.var1`::
909 `core.var2`::
910 Description common to `core.var1` and `core.var2`.
911
912Synopsis Syntax
913
914 The synopsis (a paragraph with [synopsis] attribute) is automatically
915 formatted by the toolchain and does not need typesetting.
916
917 A few commented examples follow to provide reference when writing or
918 modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections in the manual
919 pages:
920
921 Possibility of multiple occurrences is indicated by three dots:
922 <file>...
923 (One or more of <file>.)
924
925 Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets:
926 [<file>...]
927 (Zero or more of <file>.)
928
929 An optional parameter needs to be typeset with unconstrained pairs
930 [<repository>]
931
932 --exec-path[=<path>]
933 (Option with an optional argument. Note that the "=" is inside the
934 brackets.)
935
936 [<patch>...]
937 (Zero or more of <patch>. Note that the dots are inside, not
938 outside the brackets.)
939
940 Multiple alternatives are indicated with vertical bars:
941 [-q | --quiet]
942 [--utf8 | --no-utf8]
943
944 Use spacing around "|" token(s), but not immediately after opening or
945 before closing a [] or () pair:
946 Do: [-q | --quiet]
947 Don't: [-q|--quiet]
948
949 Don't use spacing around "|" tokens when they're used to separate the
950 alternate arguments of an option:
951 Do: --track[=(direct|inherit)]
952 Don't: --track[=(direct | inherit)]
953
954 Parentheses are used for grouping:
955 [(<rev>|<range>)...]
956 (Any number of either <rev> or <range>. Parens are needed to make
957 it clear that "..." pertains to both <rev> and <range>.)
958
959 [(-p <parent>)...]
960 (Any number of option -p, each with one <parent> argument.)
961
962 git remote set-head <name> (-a|-d|<branch>)
963 (One and only one of "-a", "-d" or "<branch>" _must_ (no square
964 brackets) be provided.)
965
966 And a somewhat more contrived example:
967 --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
968 Here "=" is outside the brackets, because "--diff-filter=" is a
969 valid usage. "*" has its own pair of brackets, because it can
970 (optionally) be specified only when one or more of the letters is
971 also provided.
972
973 A note on notation:
974 Use 'git' (all lowercase) when talking about commands i.e. something
975 the user would type into a shell and use 'Git' (uppercase first letter)
976 when talking about the version control system and its properties.
977
978 If some place in the documentation needs to typeset a command usage
979 example with inline substitutions, it is fine to use +monospaced and
980 inline substituted text+ instead of `monospaced literal text`, and with
981 the former, the part that should not get substituted must be
982 quoted/escaped.